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CL2.TXT
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1988-12-18
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95 lines
CHLORINATION
A Refresher:
The effectiveness of chlorine disinfection is based on five
factors:
1. pH
2. temperature
3. contact time
4. concentration
5. other substances in water
The essential reaction of chlorine in water is as follows:
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Chlorine + water -> Hypochlorous acid + Hydrochloric acid │
│ CL2 + H2O -> HOCl + HCl │
│ Hypochlorous acid -> Hydrogen + Hypochlorite ion │
│ HOCl -> H+ + OCl- │
│ Hydrochloric acid -> Hydrogen + Chloride ion │
│ HCl -> H+ + Cl- │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
HOCl is the preferred form for disinfection. pH strongly
influences the ratio of HOCl to OCl-. Generally, lower pH's
promote the formation of HOCl while higher pH's promote the
formation of OCl-. Time required for good disinfection is
greater for OCl-. The difference in contact time needed for
good disinfection is negligible between pH 7.0 to pH 8.5 but is
markedly longer above pH 8.5.
Some of the common substances that react with chlorine are
ammonia, iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, and dissolved
organic materials.
Chlorine reacts with ammonia to form "chloramines"(compounds
containing both nitrogen and chloride ions).
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ammonia + hypochlorous acid -> Monochloramine + water │
│ NH3 + HOCl -> NH2Cl + H2O │
│ │
│ Monochloramine + hypochlorous acid -> Dichloramine + water │
│ NH2Cl + HOCl -> NHCl2 + H2O │
│ │
│ Dichloramine + Hypochlorous acid -> Trichloramine + water │ │
│ NHCl2 + HOCl -> NCl3 + H2O │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Monochloramine and Dichloramine are effective disinfectants but
are not considered as efficient as Free Chlorine. It may take
up to 25 times more available combined chlorine to accomplish
the same bacteriacidal action as free chlorine and up to 100
times the contact time.
Estimated Effectiveness
┌─────────┬───────────┐
│ HOCl │ 1 │
│ OCl- │ 1/100 │
│ NCL3 │ >NHCl2 │
│ NHCL2 │ 1/80 │
│ NH2Cl │ 1/150 │
└─────────┴───────────┘
Free available chlorine measurements refer to the HOCl and OCl-
forms in water. Combined available cholrine measurements
essentially refer to chloramines + Free Chlorine (technically all
combined forms of chlorine + free chlorine).